AI Library
The Double Structure of Digital Sovereignty
Europe’s Departure from Palantir and the Chains of American Big Tech
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
This is a record of 2026, when European intelligence agencies and defense ministries began removing analytics tools from America’s Palantir. It covers the replacement decisions made by France’s General Directorate for Internal Security (DGSI), Germany’s Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV), and the Netherlands Ministry of Defense; the incident in which US export controls severed an ally’s ac…
New English Edition
Artificial Intelligence in Horticulture
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
Across five chapters and ten sections, this book examines computer vision for crop diagnosis, harvesting robots and autonomous field systems, smart greenhouses and digital twins, precision irrigation and supply-chain quality control, high-throughput phenotyping, and predictive breeding.
New English Edition
Artificial Intelligence in Food Crop Agriculture
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
Across six chapters and eighteen sections, the book examines digital agricultural infrastructure, remote sensing, crop diagnosis, yield forecasting, precision irrigation, genomics, molecular breeding, agricultural robotics, climate-smart agriculture, and global food security.
New English Edition
The Future of Forestry and Agroforestry
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
Driven by Artificial Intelligence and Digital Innovation
Across five chapters and fifteen sections, the book follows satellites, drones, LiDAR, digital twins, forest-specific language models, wildfire and pest forecasting, forestry robotics, agroforestry, timber traceability, and forest carbon markets.
New English Edition
Smart Livestock Farming: AI Enters the Barn
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
Sensors listen, cameras watch, and artificial intelligence helps farmers decide.
Across five chapters and fifteen sections, the book follows precision livestock farming from animal health and reproduction to robotic milking, virtual fencing, digital twins, methane reduction, welfare, and data ownership.
Table of Contents
Han Dong-hoon, Busan Buk-gu Gap: A Record of the 100 Days Before and After the Election (Mar. 26-Jul. 3, 2026)
Kim Kyung-jin
Table of Contents and 13 sections
From March 26 to July 3, 2026, this record follows the spring after expulsion, the Busan Buk-gu Gap by-election, victory as an independent, and the first bill submitted in the National Assembly.
Table of Contents
Artificial Intelligence and Medicine
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
AI in clinical care, hospitals, education, and research
AI in medical imaging, risk prediction, treatment planning, hospital operations, education, and research, with patient safety, privacy, and accountability.
[AI Library] 13 The 2016 Match Against Lee Sedol
Demis Hassabis, Father of Google's Artificial Intelligence
Part 5. The Match of the Century, AlphaGo and Humanity
13 The 2016 Match Against Lee Sedol
Kim Kyung-ran, Kim Kyung-jin
On the afternoon of March 10, the special match room at the Four Seasons Hotel in Seoul was engulfed in silence. Inside the glass-enclosed booth, the only sounds were stones being placed on the Go board and the low hum of the climate control system. In the middle game of Game 2, AlphaGo picked up a black stone and placed it at an unfamiliar position on the fifth line of the right side.
It was Move 37. This move landed on a point that had been considered taboo throughout thousands of years of Go history. The commentators and professional players watching the match room initially judged it to be an obvious mistake, a so-called 'throwaway move.'
'Could it be a mouse mis-click?' came the bewildered commentary on the live broadcast. But Lee Sedol 9-dan reacted differently. The moment he saw the move, his eyes went wide and he stared at the board.
A mix of bewilderment and awe flickered across his face. This moment marked a turning point where the definition of 'creativity' was rewritten in the history of artificial intelligence. Until then, Deep Blue, the chess AI, had overwhelmed humans through sheer brute-force calculation.
But AlphaGo's Move 37 looked less like calculation and more like 'intuition.' It was a move that did not exist in any human-taught game record, a move that surpassed its human teachers and forged a new path on its own. Demis Hassabis watched this scene unfold from behind the monitors in the control room and felt a shiver run through him.
This was the moment that proved the possibility of artificial general intelligence (AGI) he had long dreamed of: the possibility that a machine could go beyond imitating human knowledge and generate new knowledge. Fan Hui 2-dan, the European champion who had participated in AlphaGo's development process, saw this move and called it 'beautiful.' A human had felt aesthetic beauty in a move made by a machine.
Move 37 was not just a move that decided a single game of Go. It was a signal flare announcing that artificial intelligence had crossed from the realm of logic into the realm of intuition and creation. Later analysis revealed that AlphaGo had calculated the probability of a human playing at that point to be 1 in 10,000.
Yet when it calculated the win rate, that move was the optimal choice. By the standards of human conventional wisdom, the probability approached zero, but the machine pushed through that narrow door and found the right answer.
For Hassabis, Move 37 became the most powerful piece of evidence proving that DeepMind's mission to 'solve intelligence' was not an empty slogan. Lee Sedol's 'divine move,' Move 78, and the meaning of his Game 4 victory: After suffering three consecutive defeats and being pushed to the edge, Lee Sedol 9-dan delivered a magnificent human counterattack in Game 4.
In the middle game, when no path to victory seemed possible against AlphaGo's impenetrable calculations, Lee Sedol played a brilliant move, Move 78, wedging between black stones in the center. This so-called 'wedge move' was a strike that came from beyond AlphaGo's computational range. What made it fascinating was that AlphaGo had not predicted Lee Sedol's Move 78 either.
According to AlphaGo's log records, the system had assessed the probability of a human playing at that point to be 0.007%. It had judged the move to be virtually impossible. But Lee Sedol made the impossible real.
Once its prediction was proven wrong, AlphaGo began to falter dramatically. The moves AlphaGo played afterward were a string of meaningless blunders, as if a flustered human were flailing about. A popup appeared on the screen reading 'AlphaGo Resigns.'
This victory was not just a single win. It was a symbolic event demonstrating that humanity had not been completely conquered by machines. Hassabis said of this defeat, 'I am grateful to Lee Sedol 9-dan for allowing us to discover AlphaGo's weaknesses.'
For him, Lee Sedol's victory was an event that provided precious data to make the AlphaGo system more complete. At the same time, it sent a message to the entire world: 'Artificial intelligence is not perfect, and creative human intervention still matters.' It showed the possibility of coexistence, where machines do not replace humans, but humans test the limits of machines and push them higher.
Lee Sedol's Move 78 was a fiery victory of human intuition against the cold logic of a machine, and it was recorded in history as the most dramatic moment in the dialogue between human and machine played out on a Go board. The $1 million prize and 200 million viewers worldwide: This match was not just a game event but a global phenomenon. Google put up a $1 million prize for the match, and it was broadcast live through major broadcasters worldwide and on YouTube. In Korea, China, and Japan, where Go is popular,
the fervor rivaled that of a World Cup final. Cumulative viewership exceeded 200 million, and even Western viewers who knew nothing about Go were captivated by the primal contest of 'Man vs. Machine.' Hassabis made it clear from the planning stages that this event was not just a publicity stunt.
He compared it to the Apollo program's Moon landing. Just as landing on the Moon proved the collective capability of human science and technology, conquering Go, the most complex game, was a ceremony proving that artificial intelligence technology had crossed a critical threshold. The gaze of 200 million people worldwide resembled that of humanity watching the Moon landing on black-and-white television forty years earlier.
Through their monitors, they witnessed the process of 'intelligence,' an abstract concept, being realized as a physical entity. In his post-match interview, Lee Sedol 9-dan left behind a memorable statement: 'It was I who lost, not humanity.' But the public instinctively felt that an era had changed.
The $1 million prize was a symbolic figure at best. The economic value and social impact generated by this match amounted to tens of billions of dollars. Google's stock price soared, and governments and corporations around the world began rapidly increasing their AI budgets.
The name Hassabis became not just a star in the scientific world but an icon of the era. The dream of a boy from a small London office to 'solve intelligence' had exploded from a Seoul hotel room to the entire world. Social shock and the reshaping of the 'AI narrative': Waves of fear, excitement, and investment; a turning point in AI perception. The AlphaGo shock delivered a blow akin to a 'Sputnik Moment' to the entire world, and to East Asian societies in particular.
The technological shock and sense of crisis that America felt in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched its satellite was recreated in Seoul in 2016. Until then, artificial intelligence had been perceived as something like the Terminator in movies or Apple's Siri. For the general public, AI was either vague science fiction or a disappointing voice recognition feature. But AlphaGo was different.
The sight of a machine overwhelming a human in Go, a domain believed to be profoundly human, provoked both existential fear and wonder at the same time.
Korean bookstores saw AI-related titles dominate the bestseller lists, and coding academies were flooded with enrollment inquiries from elementary school parents. The question 'Even if my child becomes a doctor or lawyer, won't they be replaced by AI?' began to be seriously discussed among parents. The response from corporations and governments was immediate.
The Chinese government, shocked by AlphaGo's victory, announced a national-level 'Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan' and declared its AI ambitions. Hassabis's victory had awakened a sleeping dragon. The flow of investment markets also changed completely.
Before AlphaGo, AI startups were adventurous investments in a niche market. After AlphaGo, AI became the top priority for every venture capital firm. The term 'deep learning' appeared on the front pages of daily newspapers, and demand for NVIDIA GPUs exploded.
If you trace back the roots of the ChatGPT frenzy and the large language model (LLM) competition we witness today, you find that the starting point is the spring of 2016 in Seoul. Whether he intended it or not, Hassabis moved AI from an academic subject in research labs to the hottest engine of capitalism. This meant that his mission to 'solve intelligence and fix the world' had entered a stage where it could move real-world resources and power.
The production and awards of the documentary 'AlphaGo' (2017): The hidden side of this historic event was revealed to the world through director Greg Kohs's documentary 'AlphaGo.' Released in 2017, the documentary captured the intense human drama concealed behind the cold technological achievement. Hassabis actively supported the production of this documentary.
He wanted the public to see AI not as an 'enemy' but as a 'tool' and a 'collaborator.' The film vividly shows the human struggles of the DeepMind team members. When Lee Sedol won Game 4, the DeepMind team members in the hotel room felt relief rather than disappointment. They had feared their own creation would be perceived as a too-perfect, too-ruthless monster.
In the documentary, the scene of Dr. Aja Huang placing stones on behalf of AlphaGo while hiding his tension behind an expressionless face, and the scene of Fan Hui 2-dan smiling as he realizes his own Go has grown through his matches against AlphaGo, opened up new possibilities for the AI narrative. The documentary won awards at the Tribeca Film Festival and other prestigious film festivals, earning critical acclaim. What mattered most was that this film was an attempt to transform the 'human versus machine' framing into 'humans solving problems with machines that help them.'
In the film's final scene, Hassabis emphasizes that the creativity AlphaGo displayed ultimately originated from algorithms and data created by humans. He says, 'AlphaGo was built for Go, but what we really want to solve are problems like cancer treatment and climate change.' The documentary 'AlphaGo' was both a declaration of intent from DeepMind to the world and an invitation demanding humanistic reflection on the coming AI era.
Through this film, Hassabis argued that technological progress need not diminish humanity but can serve as a catalyst for expanding the horizons of human intellect. If the 2016 match was a technological singularity, the 2017 documentary was a cultural singularity that translated that technology into human language. 2016, Seoul: AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol.
Kim Kyung-jin
Attorney · Former Member of the National Assembly · AI Policy Researcher
© 2026 Kim Kyung-jin. All rights reserved.