Table of Contents
Artificial Intelligence Translates the Language of Animals
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
The Story of AI Learning to Listen to Whales, Dolphins, Birds, and Bees
Twelve chapters on how AI listens to dolphins, sperm whales, humpback whales, birds, and bees to find rules in their sounds, and what this technology means for its risks and for animal rights. Written in simple sentences a child can read, with verified sources in every section.
Table of Contents
AI Deciphers Ancient Scripts
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
Ancient Records Revived by AI
In twelve chapters, this book explains how AI revives records once unreadable, from burned scrolls and wooden slips buried in mud to broken clay tablets. It covers virtual unrolling at Herculaneum, virtual collation of oracle-bone texts, reading Silla wooden tablets, computational analysis of undeciphered scripts, and multispectral archives, with verified references for each chapter.
Table of Contents
Artificial Intelligence for New Materials Design and Rocket Propulsion Engineering
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
AI Potentials, Self-Driving Laboratories, and Physics-Informed Machine Learning (PIML)
Ten chapters on how artificial intelligence is changing new materials and rocket propulsion: atomic simulation, generative models, self-driving labs, high-temperature alloys, metal 3D printing, combustion, cooling design, and engine diagnosis and control. Written without equations, with verified sources in every chapter.
AI Library
The Age of Autonomous Scientific Discovery
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
AI Scientists and Self-Driving Labs
This book follows how AI scientists and self-driving labs are changing the way science generates and verifies claims. It covers literature-based discovery, natural-language protocols translated into robot commands, multi-agent research systems, closed-loop laboratories, materials search, the verification gap, chains of evidence, research harnesses, journal ethics, and legal responsibility.
AI Library
A New Era of Life Sciences Opened by Artificial Intelligence
Structural Proteomics, Genomic Foundation Models, Autonomous Laboratories, and Global Governance
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
This book is a research volume compiled with artificial intelligence. A human selected the materials and structured the work, while AI models drafted the sentences and cross-checked the facts.
AI Library
The Double Structure of Digital Sovereignty
Europe’s Departure from Palantir and the Chains of American Big Tech
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
This is a record of 2026, when European intelligence agencies and defense ministries began removing analytics tools from America’s Palantir. It covers the replacement decisions made by France’s General Directorate for Internal Security (DGSI), Germany’s Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV), and the Netherlands Ministry of Defense; the incident in which US export controls severed an ally’s ac…
New English Edition
Artificial Intelligence in Horticulture
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
Across five chapters and ten sections, this book examines computer vision for crop diagnosis, harvesting robots and autonomous field systems, smart greenhouses and digital twins, precision irrigation and supply-chain quality control, high-throughput phenotyping, and predictive breeding.
New English Edition
Artificial Intelligence in Food Crop Agriculture
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
Across six chapters and eighteen sections, the book examines digital agricultural infrastructure, remote sensing, crop diagnosis, yield forecasting, precision irrigation, genomics, molecular breeding, agricultural robotics, climate-smart agriculture, and global food security.
New English Edition
The Future of Forestry and Agroforestry
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
Driven by Artificial Intelligence and Digital Innovation
Across five chapters and fifteen sections, the book follows satellites, drones, LiDAR, digital twins, forest-specific language models, wildfire and pest forecasting, forestry robotics, agroforestry, timber traceability, and forest carbon markets.
New English Edition
Smart Livestock Farming: AI Enters the Barn
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
Sensors listen, cameras watch, and artificial intelligence helps farmers decide.
Across five chapters and fifteen sections, the book follows precision livestock farming from animal health and reproduction to robotic milking, virtual fencing, digital twins, methane reduction, welfare, and data ownership.
Table of Contents
Han Dong-hoon, Busan Buk-gu Gap: A Record of the 100 Days Before and After the Election (Mar. 26-Jul. 3, 2026)
Kim Kyung-jin
Table of Contents and 13 sections
From March 26 to July 3, 2026, this record follows the spring after expulsion, the Busan Buk-gu Gap by-election, victory as an independent, and the first bill submitted in the National Assembly.
Table of Contents
Artificial Intelligence and Medicine
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
AI in clinical care, hospitals, education, and research
AI in medical imaging, risk prediction, treatment planning, hospital operations, education, and research, with patient safety, privacy, and accountability.
[AI Library] Chapter 5: Survival Drama Between Great Powers
Reading Armenia: A Thousand Prayers, One Mountain
Chapter 5: Survival Drama Between Great Powers
Kim Kyung-jin
1. Ottoman Empire and Persia - Armenia as a Battleground of Great Powers
The Armenian land was a battleground of great powers. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Armenia underwent endless partitioning and repartitioning between the Ottoman Empire and Persia, the Safavid dynasty. During this period, Armenians had to exert desperate efforts to survive between two vast Islamic empires, regardless of their own will.
The Ottoman Empire began to expand rapidly from the late 14th century. As it secured control of the Anatolian Peninsula, the Ottoman Empire expanded eastward into the Armenian highlands. After conquering Constantinople in 1453 and bringing down the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire grew into a true great power. The Ottoman sultans believed they had to control the Armenian region in order to check Persia to the east and secure trade routes.
Meanwhile, in Persia, the Safavid dynasty rose to power in 1501, giving birth to a new powerful state. The Safavid dynasty established Shiite Islam as its state religion, revived Persian traditions, and expanded its territory. The shahs of the Safavid dynasty also naturally developed interest in the Armenian region as they extended their territory to the west. Armenia was a fertile agricultural region and a strategic crossroads through which important trade routes passed.
The Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 was an important event that determined Armenia's fate. Ottoman Sultan Selim I and Safavid Shah Ismail I clashed on the Chaldiran plain in northwestern Iran. The Ottoman Empire achieved victory by deploying its Janissary corps armed with cannons and muskets newly imported from Europe. As a result of this battle, western Armenia became Ottoman territory, while eastern Armenia fell under Persian influence.
This was not the end. The two empires continued to wage wars over Armenia. Peace came briefly with the Treaty of Amasya in 1555, but it did not last long. Through this treaty, Armenia was officially divided in two. Western Armenia went to the Ottoman Empire, and eastern Armenia went to Persia. Yerevan and its surrounding areas became Persian territory, while Erzurum and the region around Lake Van became Ottoman territory.
At the beginning of the 17th century, war broke out again. The Ottoman-Safavid War that raged from 1603 to 1618 devastated Armenian lands.
Whenever Ottoman forces invaded, the Persian Shah Abbas I implemented a policy of forcibly relocating Armenians to the interior of Persia. Between 1604 and 1605 alone, approximately 300,000 Armenians were forcibly relocated. They were moved to a new city called New Julfa near Isfahan.
This forced resettlement policy had strategic reasons behind it.
Shah Abbas I carried out a scorched-earth campaign to prevent the Ottoman forces from securing food and manpower even if they occupied Armenia.
At the same time, he wanted to harness the commercial talents and skills of Armenians for the development of the Persian economy. The Armenians of New Julfa indeed played an important role in Persia's international trade. They led trade with India, Russia, and Europe, dealing in silk, spices, and precious metals.
The border between the Ottoman Empire and Persia was redefined by the Treaty of Kasr-i Shirin in 1639. The border line established by this treaty remained largely unchanged until World War I.
Armenia was completely divided in two. Western Armenians lived as subjects of the Ottoman Empire, while eastern Armenians lived as subjects of Persia.
Armenians under Ottoman rule lived under the millet system. The millet referred to a religious community, and the Ottoman Empire allowed non-Muslim groups such as Christians and Jews to govern themselves based on religion.
The Armenian millet was led by the Armenian Catholicos of Constantinople. Armenians had to pay a tax called the jizya, could not serve in the military, and held a lower legal status than Muslims. Religious freedom was recognized, and they could operate their own schools and churches.
A large Armenian community formed in Constantinople. They demonstrated outstanding abilities in commerce, finance, and handicrafts. Armenian merchants played an important role in the Ottoman Empire's international trade. In trading cities such as Izmir and Aleppo, Armenian merchants served as intermediaries connecting European merchants and the Ottoman Empire. Some Armenians worked as bankers or financial advisors at the sultan's court.
The lives of Armenians living in rural areas of western Armenia were far more difficult. They suffered exploitation by Kurdish and Turkish landlords and did not receive proper legal protection.
In the mountainous regions of eastern Anatolia, Kurdish tribal chiefs wielded actual power. Armenian peasants suffered heavy taxes and illegal confiscations, and sometimes became victims of violence and plunder. The Ottoman government lacked both the will and the ability to address these problems.
The situation of eastern Armenians under Persian rule was not fundamentally different.
The Safavid dynasty recognized the religion of Armenians but treated them as second-class citizens. Armenians had to pay the jizya and faced restrictions in entering public office. They enjoyed considerable freedom in commerce. The Armenians of New Julfa prospered. They obtained trade monopoly rights from the shah and built a trade network connecting India and Europe.
As the 18th century began, Persia fell into chaos. The Safavid dynasty collapsed with the invasion of Afghans in 1722, and various factions fought for control of Persia. During this process, eastern Armenia became even more impoverished. Afghans, Ottoman forces, and various Persian warlords plundered Armenian lands. Many Armenians lost their lives to war and famine.
In 1736, Nader Shah unified Persia and took control. He expanded his territory through military strength but was notorious for his despotism. Under Nader Shah, Armenians suffered heavy taxes and forced conscription. After Nader Shah was assassinated in 1747, Persia fell into chaos again, which became the occasion for Russia to pursue its southward expansion policy.
During this period, Armenians employed various strategies for survival. Some sought economic gain by cooperating with ruling powers, while others fled to mountainous areas and maintained semi-autonomous communities. The Armenian Church played a central role in preserving national identity. Monasteries became bastions of Armenian culture and learning, preserving manuscripts and providing education.
Armenia, divided between the Ottoman and Persian empires, never formed a unified state but fell under the rule of two Islamic empires. Armenians preserved their identity and culture despite difficult circumstances. Commercial networks spread across the world, and diaspora communities remained connected. These networks and identity later became the foundation for national movements.
2. Russian Empire - New Rulers and the Double Melody of Modernization
From the late 18th century through the 19th century, the Russian Empire's southward expansion became a decisive turning point in Armenian history. As Russia expanded its influence into the Caucasus region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, it collided with Persia and the Ottoman Empire. In this process, Armenia became a battleground of great powers once again, but at the same time, new possibilities also opened up.
Russia's entry into the Caucasus began during the reign of Peter the Great. Peter the Great conducted a Persian expedition in 1722 and occupied the western coast of the Caspian Sea. Although his successors returned this region, Russian southward expansion continued. During the reign of Catherine the Great, Russia began to develop close relations with Georgia. The Christian kingdoms of Georgia were under pressure from Islamic forces and longed for Russian protection.
In 1801, Russia annexed eastern Georgia. It was the opening signal for Russia's full-scale advance into the south Caucasus. Russian Emperor Alexander I resolved to completely control the Caucasus region. Russia judged this region to be strategically important. By controlling the Caucasus, Russia could check the Ottoman Empire and Persia, and it could also open the road to Central Asia and India.
War broke out between Russia and Persia in 1804. The war lasted nine years and ended with the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813. Through this treaty, Russia took control of most of present-day Azerbaijan. Eastern Armenia remained Persian territory. The regions including Yerevan and Nakhchivan were still under Persian rule.
Armenians began to see Russia as a liberator. Russia was a Christian nation, and they believed that Russian rule would be preferable to Ottoman or Persian Islamic rule. Some Armenian leaders cooperated with Russian forces and aided Russia's conquest of the Caucasus. Leaders of the Armenian Church at Echmiadzin also supported Russia. They believed they could guarantee religious freedom and safety under Russian protection.
In 1826, war broke out again between Russia and Persia. Fath Ali Shah of Persia sought to recover the territory lost through the Treaty of Gulistan. The Russian army overwhelmed the Persian forces. The army led by Russian General Ivan Paskevich advanced rapidly, occupying Yerevan and Tabriz. The war ended with the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, which brought revolutionary change to Armenian history.
Through the Treaty of Turkmenchay, eastern Armenia, including the Khanate of Yerevan and the Khanate of Nakhchivan, was incorporated into the Russian Empire. The Araxes River became the border between Russia and Persia. Thus Armenia was now divided into three empires. Western Armenia belonged to the Ottoman Empire, eastern Armenia belonged to the Russian Empire, and some southern regions still belonged to Persia.
Russia organized eastern Armenia as the Armenian Province. Yerevan became the central city, and the Russian administrative system was introduced. The Russian government implemented active policies to increase the Armenian population in this region. The Treaty of Turkmenchay included a provision allowing Armenians from Persian territory to migrate to Russian territory. Between 1828 and 1830, approximately 50,000 Armenians migrated from Persia to Russian territory.
Many Armenians from Ottoman territory also migrated to Russia. After the Russo-Ottoman War of 1828-1829, the Treaty of Adrianople allowed Russia to control the eastern coast of the Black Sea, and Armenians settled in this region as well. The Russian government regarded Armenians as reliable residents. They were Christian, had outstanding abilities in commerce and administration, and were cooperative with Russian rule in the Caucasus.
Armenians under Russian rule enjoyed considerable freedom. The Armenian Apostolic Church became recognized as the second most important religion after the Russian Orthodox Church. The Catholicos of Echmiadzin was recognized as the spiritual leader of all Armenians within the Russian Empire. Armenians could operate their own schools and receive education in the Armenian language. Freedom of the press was also relatively guaranteed, and Armenian-language newspapers and books were published.
In the middle of the 19th century, a cultural awakening occurred among Armenians in Russian territory. This period is called the Armenian Renaissance. Writers, poets, and scholars researched Armenian culture and history and created new works. Khachatur Abovian is called the father of modern Armenian literature. He wrote novels not in classical Armenian but in modern spoken Armenian. His work The Wounds of Armenia was a historical novel set against the backdrop of war between Persia and Russia.
Writers such as Mikael Nalbandian, Raphael Patkanian, and Petros Terzoian were also active. They reexamined Armenian history and traditions and wrote works that aroused national consciousness. Their works carried not only literary value but also political and social messages. They emphasized the importance of education to Armenians and urged modernization.
Tbilisi became the center of Armenian culture in the Caucasus region. This city had a large Armenian community, and Armenian-language schools, theaters, and publishing houses thrived. Armenians played an important role in the economic and cultural life of Tbilisi. Many Armenian merchants and entrepreneurs accumulated wealth in the oil, mining, and trade sectors.
In the late 19th century, as the oil industry in Baku grew rapidly, many Armenians invested in this industry. Armenian oil magnates such as the Mantashov family, the Gulkasyan family, and the Lianov family emerged. They accumulated enormous wealth and used part of it to promote Armenian culture and education. Thanks to their donations, schools, libraries, and theaters were built.
Russian imperial modernization also affected the Caucasus region. Railroads were built, telegraph lines were laid, and a modern administrative system was introduced. With the opening of the Batumi-Baku railroad in 1883, Yerevan was also connected to the rail network. This brought economic development and increased exchange. Armenians actively participated in this modernization process.
Russian rule was not always positive. In the late 19th century, Russia intensified its Russification policy. During the reign of Alexander III and Nicholas II, the Russian government restricted the autonomy of minorities and forced the Russian language and Russian Orthodox Church. In 1885, the Russian government closed or placed under state control Armenian Church schools. Armenian-language education was restricted, and Russian became a required language of instruction.
In 1903, an even more serious incident occurred. The Russian government issued a decree confiscating the property of the Armenian Church. This provoked strong resistance from Armenians. The Armenian Church was not merely a religious institution but a symbol of national identity and a social institution that operated schools and charitable works. Armenians held massive protests, and some even resorted to armed resistance.
Armenian revolutionary movements also emerged. Socialist and nationalist ideas spread among young Armenian intellectuals. In 1887, a Marxist study group was organized around Khristofor Mikaelian. These intellectuals were influenced by Russian revolutionary movements. Armenians participated actively in revolutionary movements throughout the Russian Empire, and some joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party or the Social Democratic Labour Party.
The 1905 Russian Revolution had a major impact on the Caucasus region. Armenians participated in the revolution and demanded political freedom and national rights. At the same time, ethnic conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis (Tatars) intensified. Between 1905 and 1906, violent clashes erupted between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Baku and other Caucasian cities. Economic competition, religious differences, and Russian authorities' divide-and-rule policies all played a part in this conflict.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Armenians in Russian territory found themselves in a complex situation. On one hand, they benefited from the modernization and economic development of the Russian Empire. Many Armenians became educated and wealthy, forming an urban middle class. On the other hand, they harbored resentment over Russia's oppressive policies and ethnic discrimination. They wanted greater freedom and rights, and ultimately began to dream of national self-determination.
The rule of the Russian Empire brought modernity to Armenia, but it also created new conflicts and problems. The experience of this period gave Armenians an understanding of the modern state and civil society, which later became the foundation for building an independent nation.
3. The Awakening of National Movement - Dreams of Freedom and Independence
The nineteenth century was a period when nationalism surged worldwide. In Europe, Greece, Italy, and Germany built nation-states, and several peoples in the Balkans gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. This historical trend had a major impact on Armenians. Western Armenians under Ottoman rule began to struggle for the guarantee of their rights and safety.
Until the mid-nineteenth century, Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were generally regarded as loyal subjects. They were called the 'reliable millet.' The Armenian middle and upper classes in Constantinople cooperated with Ottoman reforms and contributed to the empire's modernization. Many Armenians worked in the empire's administrative, diplomatic, and financial departments. Armenian architects, physicians, bankers, and entrepreneurs played important roles in Constantinople's economic and cultural life.
In 1839, Sultan Abdulmejid I proclaimed the Tanzimat (reorganization) reforms. These reforms promised equality before the law to all Ottoman subjects. The goal was to abolish discrimination between Muslims and non-Muslims and grant equal rights to all people regardless of religion. In 1856, a more comprehensive imperial edict was issued. In theory, Armenians could now serve in the military, enter the civil service, and hold equal testimony rights in courts with Muslims.
But reality was different. In Armenian rural areas of eastern Anatolia, these reforms were barely implemented. Kurdish tribal leaders and Turkish officials continued to exploit Armenians. In land disputes, tax collection, and law enforcement, Armenians faced unjust treatment. Kurdish raids and violence persisted, but the Ottoman government either could not or would not stop them.
From the 1860s onward, awareness and organization began among Armenians. Armenian intellectuals in Constantinople organized national councils to discuss community issues. They promoted educational reform and established modern schools. Armenian newspapers and journals were founded, and literature and art flourished. Intellectuals of this period argued that Armenians should awaken to their own history and culture and advance through education and modernization.
Gradually, some Armenians began to think that mere reform and enlightenment were insufficient. As the Ottoman government failed to implement promised reforms and Armenian suffering continued, awareness spread that more active methods were necessary. As the 1870s began, Armenian nationalist movements started in earnest.
After the Russo-Ottoman War ended in 1878, the Treaty of San Stefano and the Treaty of Berlin brought both hope and disappointment to Armenians. The Treaty of San Stefano contained a provision that Russia would oversee reforms in regions where Armenians lived. In the Treaty of Berlin, this provision was weakened and changed to joint supervision by European powers. This proved to be an empty promise with no real force behind it.
Disappointed by the indifference of the international community and the oppression of the Ottoman Empire, some Armenians chose armed struggle. During the 1880s and 1890s, several Armenian revolutionary organizations were formed. In 1887, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (later the Armenian Revolutionary Union, or Dashnaktsutyan) was founded in Geneva. This organization combined socialist and nationalist ideology and sought to win the rights of Armenians through armed struggle.
In 1890, the Hunchakian Party (the Bell Party), founded by Khristofor Mikaelian, began its operations. Influenced by Marxism, it sought to spark revolution within the Ottoman Empire to secure Armenian autonomy. They smuggled weapons into eastern Anatolia, organized Armenian peasants, and sometimes carried out acts of terror against Ottoman officials.
In the mid-1890s, large-scale massacres broke out in eastern Anatolia. Between 1894 and 1896, approximately 100,000 to 300,000 Armenians were killed. These massacres resulted from multiple factors working together. Sultan Abdulhamid II authorized suppression under the pretext of crushing Armenian revolutionary movements. Kurdish irregular cavalry units called the Hamidiye were organized to raid Armenian villages.
European powers condemned these massacres but did not intervene substantively. Britain, France, and Russia did not exert strong pressure on the Ottoman Empire due to their own interests. The international community's indifference caused deep betrayal among Armenians. These massacres of this period were a harbinger of the greater tragedy that would unfold in the early twentieth century.
The 1908 Young Turk Revolution brought brief hope to the Ottoman Empire. The Young Turks ended the sultan's absolute rule and established constitutional monarchy. They championed Ottomanism and claimed that all peoples of the empire could live together as equals. Armenians welcomed this revolution and cooperated with the Young Turks. The Dashnaktsutyan also formed an alliance with the Young Turks.
The hope did not last long. In 1909, another large-scale massacre occurred in Adana. Approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Armenians were killed. The Young Turk government failed to stop this massacre. Moreover, the Young Turks increasingly leaned toward Turkish nationalism. Ottomanism was abandoned, and policies of Turkification were pursued. Non-Turks, Armenians and Greeks became increasingly objects of suspicion and hostility.
The situation worsened as the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. Hawks within the Young Turk movement argued that Turkish nationalism had to be strengthened to save the empire. A triumvirate composed of Enver Pasha, Talaat Pasha, and Jemal Pasha took power, and they pursued Turkification policies with even greater force.
Meanwhile, Armenians in Russian territory also experienced political awakening. The Dashnaktsutyan was active in the Russian Caucasus and pursued a line combining socialism and nationalism. Unlike the Hunchakians, the Dashnaktsutyan increasingly adopted a moderate stance and participated in legal political activities. During the 1905 Russian Revolution, the Dashnaktsutyan participated actively and fielded candidates in Duma (Russian parliament) elections.
When the First World War broke out in 1914, Armenians faced another critical turning point in their fate. The Ottoman Empire allied with Germany and entered the war. Russia and the Ottoman Empire became enemies, and Armenians found themselves caught between them. The Ottoman government suspected Armenians of being potential traitors. The fact that Armenian volunteers served in the Russian army further amplified these suspicions.
In the spring of 1915, the Ottoman government began a massive deportation and massacre of Armenians. This was the twentieth century's first genocide and a tremendous tragedy for the Armenian people. Approximately 1.5 million Armenians were killed or died during deportation. The Armenian community in western Armenia, which had endured for millennia, was virtually annihilated.
Surviving Armenians scattered to all corners of the world. Some fled to the Russian Caucasus, some went to French and British League of Nations mandates in the Middle East, and some immigrated to Europe and America. They told the world of the tragedy of genocide and demanded justice. Amid the chaos of war, the international community's response was minimal. For eastern Armenians in Russian territory, new opportunities arose. The 1917 Russian Revolution toppled the empire and left a power vacuum in the Caucasus region. On May 28, 1918, Armenians finally declared an independent republic. The First Armenian Republic was born. Though small, poor, and scarred by war, it was the first independent Armenian state established in six centuries.
From the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century, the Armenian national movement began with enlightenment and organization, proceeded through armed struggle, and finally reached independence. The process was marked by tremendous sacrifice and suffering, but Armenians never abandoned their identity or their dream of independence.
Kim Kyung-jin
Attorney · Former Member of the National Assembly · AI Policy Researcher
© 2026 Kim Kyung-jin. All rights reserved.