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Artificial Intelligence and Medicine
Kim Kyung-jin, Attorney at Law
AI in clinical care, hospitals, education, and research
AI in medical imaging, risk prediction, treatment planning, hospital operations, education, and research, with patient safety, privacy, and accountability.
[AI Library] Appendix 3: Key Records of Japanese Female Politicians
Beyond the Glass Ceiling
Appendix 3: Key Records of Japanese Female Politicians
Kim Kyung-jin
This appendix summarizes the history of women in Japanese politics, focusing on major records. It serves as background material for understanding the historical significance of Sanae Takaichi, covering the history of Japanese female cabinet ministers, comparisons with female heads of government in major nations, trends in the proportion of female members in the House of Representatives, and the status of female ministers in the Takaichi Cabinet.
Japanese Women's Suffrage and Early Female Legislators
In December 1945, women's suffrage was granted to Japanese women as part of postwar reforms. Under the Meiji Constitution, women did not have the right to vote.
On April 10, 1946, women exercised their right to vote for the first time in the first postwar general election. In this election, 79 female candidates ran and 39 were elected, making the proportion of female members 8.4% (39 out of 466 seats). This figure was not surpassed for several decades. It is analyzed as a 'first-experience effect' immediately following the introduction of women's suffrage.
In the first House of Councillors election in 1947, 10 female members were elected.
Japan's First Female Cabinet Minister (1960)
On July 19, 1960, Masa Nakayama (中山マサ, 1891–1976) was appointed Minister of Health and Welfare in the cabinet of Hayato Ikeda (池田勇人). She was the first female cabinet minister in Japanese constitutional history. A member of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), she was 68 years old at the time. Nakayama was a veteran politician who had served eight terms since her first election in 1952.
In 1962, Tsuruyo Kondo (近藤鶴代) was appointed Director-General of the Science and Technology Agency in the second Ikeda Cabinet, becoming the second female cabinet minister.
After a gap of approximately 22 years, Sumiko Iwasa (岩佐スミ) was appointed Director-General of the Environment Agency in the second Nakasone (中曽根) reshuffled cabinet in 1984, marking the birth of another female cabinet minister.
Major Instances of Female Cabinet Ministers (1960–2025)
1960: Masa Nakayama — Minister of Health and Welfare (First female minister)
1962: Tsuruyo Kondo — Director-General of the Science and Technology Agency
1984: Sumiko Iwasa — Director-General of the Environment Agency (Return after a 22-year gap)
1989: Mayumi Moriyama (森山真弓) — Director-General of the Environment Agency (First instance of multiple female ministers in the Kaifu Cabinet)
2001: Five female ministers appointed in the first Koizumi Cabinet, the highest number at the time.
- Makiko Tanaka (田中眞紀子) — Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan's first female Foreign Minister)
- Yoriko Kawaguchi (川口順子) — Minister of the Environment, etc.
2005: Yuriko Koike (小池百合子) — Minister of the Environment; later served as Director-General of the Defense Agency (Japan's first female Defense Minister)
2006: Sanae Takaichi — Minister of State for Special Missions, Cabinet Office (First cabinet appointment)
2014: Five female ministers appointed in the second Abe reshuffled cabinet (Tied for the record high)
- Sanae Takaichi — Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications (First female Internal Affairs Minister)
- Midori Matsushima (松島みどり) — Minister of Justice
- Eriko Yamatani (山谷えり子) — Minister in Charge of the Abduction Issue, etc.
2023: Five female ministers appointed in the second Kishida re-reshuffled cabinet, tying the record for the highest number (5).
October 2025: Sanae Takaichi — Assumes office as Prime Minister (Japan's first female Prime Minister)
As of 2025, the total cumulative number of female cabinet ministers in Japan is estimated to be over 50. The position most frequently held by female ministers is Minister of the Environment (9 in total), followed by Minister of Justice (6 in total). Female cabinet ministers in so-called 'core ministries' such as Foreign Affairs and Finance remain rare.
Key First Records of Japanese Female Politicians (Milestones in Political History)
1946: Exercise of women's suffrage and election of 39 female members (8.4%)
1960: Masa Nakayama becomes Japan's first female cabinet minister (Minister of Health and Welfare)
1993: Sadako Ogata (緒方貞子) assumes office as UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the highest-ranking Japanese woman on the international stage
2001: Makiko Tanaka becomes Japan's first female Minister for Foreign Affairs
2005: Yuriko Koike becomes Japan's first female Director-General of the Defense Agency
2008: Yuriko Koike becomes the first woman to run in the LDP presidential election (Result: 5th place)
2012: Sanae Takaichi becomes the first woman to serve as Chairperson of the LDP Policy Research Council
2014: Sanae Takaichi becomes the first female Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications and the longest-serving (1,066 days)
2016: Yuriko Koike is elected Governor of Tokyo (First woman)
2021: Sanae Takaichi and Seiko Noda (野田聖子) run simultaneously as female candidates in the LDP presidential election
2024: Two female candidates run simultaneously in the LDP presidential election (Sanae Takaichi, Yoko Kamikawa (上川陽子))
October 4, 2025: Sanae Takaichi is elected the first female LDP President on the 70th anniversary of the party's founding (29th President)
October 21, 2025: Sanae Takaichi assumes office as the first female Prime Minister in Japanese constitutional history (104th Prime Minister)
Comparison of Female Prime Ministers and Presidents of Major Countries
Sanae Takaichi's assumption of office as Japan's first female Prime Minister in 2025 marks the latest emergence of a female head of government among G7 nations. A comparison in a global context is as follows:
Sri Lanka: Sirimavo Bandaranaike — Assumed office as Prime Minister in 1960. The world's first democratically elected female head of government.
India: Indira Gandhi — Assumed office as Prime Minister in 1966. Led the Congress Party for a long period after Nehru's death.
Israel: Golda Meir — Assumed office as Prime Minister in 1969. Led during the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
United Kingdom: Margaret Thatcher — Assumed office as Prime Minister in 1979. The first female Prime Minister of a G7 country. Nicknamed the "Iron Lady." Served until 1990.
Iceland: Vigdís Finnbogadóttir — Assumed office as President in 1980. The world's first democratically elected female head of state.
Norway: Gro Harlem Brundtland — Served as Prime Minister in 1981 (1st term), 1986–1989 (2nd term), and 1990–1996 (3rd term).
Pakistan: Benazir Bhutto — Served as Prime Minister in 1988–1990 and 1993–1996. The first female Prime Minister in the Islamic world.
Germany: Angela Merkel — Chancellor from 2005 to 2021. Served for 16 years, the longest-serving Chancellor of unified Germany. The longest-serving female head of government in the G7.
New Zealand: Jacinda Ardern — Served as Prime Minister from 2017 to 2023. The world's second female head of government to give birth while in office.
Finland: Sanna Marin — Assumed office as Prime Minister in 2019. At 34, set the record for the world's youngest female head of government.
France: Élisabeth Borne — Served as Prime Minister from 2022 to 2024.
Italy: Giorgia Meloni — Assumed office as Prime Minister in 2022. Italy's first female Prime Minister.
Taiwan: Tsai Ing-wen (蔡英文) — President from 2016 to 2024. Taiwan's first female President.
South Korea: Park Geun-hye — President from 2013 to 2017. South Korea's first female President. Impeached and removed from office by the Constitutional Court in 2017.
United States: No female president has emerged (Kamala Harris served as Vice President from 2021 to 2025).
Japan: Sanae Takaichi — Assumes office as Prime Minister in 2025. The latest emergence of a female head of government among G7 nations.
Notably, Japan, which belongs to the developed world in terms of economic size and international status, saw the emergence of a female head of government particularly late among G7 nations. This is analyzed as the result of a combination of factors, including the LDP's long-term dominance, a faction-based male-centric political structure, a culture of hereditary politicians, and the burden of childcare on women.
Trends in the Proportion of Female Members in the Japanese House of Representatives
1946 General Election: 8.4% (39 out of 466 seats) — Large-scale birth of female members for the first time postwar
1969: 2.5% — Entered a long-term low period
1980s: 2–3% range — Stagnation for several decades
1993: 2.7%
2000s: 7–8% range — Slight increase alongside the surge of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)
2009: 11.3% — Record high at the time, the year the DPJ government was formed
2012: 7.9% — Declined after the return of the LDP
2017: 10.1%
2021: 9.7%
October 2024: 15.7% (73 seats, record high)
In the October 2024 general election, 73 female members were elected, raising the proportion to 15.7%. Although this is a record high, it remains low compared to the G7 average (30% range) and the world average (26.4% as of 2024) according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). Japan ranks 139th out of 186 countries in the IPU rankings for the proportion of female members (as of 2024).
The proportion of female members in the House of Councillors is somewhat higher than in the House of Representatives, standing at 26.0% as of 2022. The Japanese government has set a goal to "achieve a 30% ratio of women in leadership positions as early as possible in the 2020s."
Female Cabinet Representation in the Takaichi Administration (As of October 2025)
Despite being Japan's first female Prime Minister, Sanae Takaichi appointed only two female ministers when forming her inaugural cabinet. With 10 first-time ministers and only two women, the appointments were evaluated as being focused on economic security and defense capabilities rather than diversity. Takaichi herself expressed her conviction, stating, "I selected cabinet members based on ability, not gender."
The Takaichi Cabinet was launched as an LDP-led coalition cabinet with cooperation from Nippon Ishin no Kai (Japan Innovation Party) from outside the cabinet. The overall character of the cabinet is strongly conservative and right-wing, with economic security, constitutional amendment, and the strengthening of defense capabilities as its core.
Structural Challenges for Female Political Participation in Japan
The following are pointed out as major reasons why women's political participation in Japan is lower than in other developed countries.
First, political funds and support organizations have been operated through a male-centric hereditary structure. It is difficult for new female candidates to be elected without a regional base (jiban) passed down through generations.
Second, long working hours and the schedule of night Diet sessions act as a disadvantage for women, who primarily handle childcare and housework.
Third, while the LDP is moving toward actively nominating female candidates following the 2024 presidential election, substantive structural reform is progressing slowly.
Takaichi's assumption of the premiership is a symbolic event that broke through these structural barriers, but it is also an example that shows the reality that expanding female participation in Japanese politics is difficult to achieve in a short period.
References
- nippon.com History of Japanese Female Cabinet Ministers: https://www.nippon.com/ja/features/h00247/
- naikaku.org History and Current Status of Female Ministers: https://www.naikaku.org/2024/06/06/femaledaijin/
- Bloomberg report on the record high number of female members in 2024: https://www.bloomberg.com/jp/news/articles/2024-10-30/SM1IWGT1UM0W00
- Statistical data from the Gender Equality Bureau, Cabinet Office: https://www.gender.go.jp/research/kenkyu/sankakujokyo/2001/1-2-1.html
- nippon.com Composition of the Takaichi Cabinet: https://www.nippon.com/ja/japan-data/h02584/